Publications
Explore practical metallurgical insights through our publications. From “Finance for Engineers” to “Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals. With experience in academia, technology, and entrepreneurship, our scientists and engineers offer a real-world perspective on metallurgical concepts.
| Books | |||
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CRUNDWELL, F.K. Finance for Engineers – Evaluation and funding of capital projects. Springer UK, 2008. Customer reviews from www.amazon.com can be found at http://amzn.to/1QPWaB0 “Frank has managed something extraordinary in writing this book, he has taken the inner workings of a critical industry and made them easily understandable to Engineers. The clarity gained from reading and referring to this book has ensured the work I do as an engineer is more relevant, effective and fulfilling!” by @Marc Nicolle |
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Frank K.Crundwell, Michael S.Moats, Venkoba Ramachandran, Timothy G. Robinson, William G. Davenport. Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum-Group Metals. Elsevier. 2011. Customer review from www.amazon.com “So much useful information packed into a book. If you’re looking for a book on the extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt or platinum group metals, this is the book for you. So much useful information packed into a book” http://amzn.to/1QPX7JP |
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| Refereed Journal Articles | |||
| Acid mine drainage | |||
| Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The kinetics of the oxidation of pyrite by ferric ions and dissolved oxygen: An electrochemical study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64 (2000) 263-274 | |||
| Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Kinetic aspects of galvanic interactions between minerals during dissolution , Hydrometallurgy, 39 (1995) 353-375. | |||
| L.J. Bryson, F.K. Crundwell. The anodic dissolution of pyrite in hydrochloric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 43 (2014) 42-53 | |||
| Bacterial leaching | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Bacterial Leaching Reactors. Bioengineering and Biotechnology 71 (2001) 255-265 | |||
| Fowler, T.A., Holmes, P.R., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. On the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Dissolution of Pyrite in the Presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 59 (2001)257-270. | |||
| Crundwell, F.K., Process performance of bacterial leaching reactors: the contribution of mathematical modelling. J. South African IMM, 100 (7), Nov./Dec. 2000 | |||
| Crundwell, F.K., Holmes, P.R. and Fowler, T.A., How do bacteria interact with minerals? J. South African IMM, 100 (7), Nov./Dec. 2000 | |||
| Fowler, T.A., Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Mechanism of pyrite dissolution in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999) 2987-2993. | |||
| Holmes, P.R., Fowler, T.A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The mechanism of the bacterial leaching of pyrite: an electrochemical study. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146 (1999) 2906-2912. | |||
| Fowler, T.A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Leaching of zinc sulfide by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: Bacterial oxidation of the sulfur product layer increases the rate of zinc sulfide dissolution at high concentrations of ferrous ions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999) 5285-5292. |  |
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| Fowler, T.A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The leaching of sphalerite by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: Experiments at controlled redox potentials indicate that there is no direct mechanism of bacterial action. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (1998) 3570-3575. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The kinetics of the chemiosmotic proton circuit of the iron-oxidising bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 43 (1997) 115-122. | |||
| Harvey, P.I. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: A novel experimental design for batch growth and bacterial leaching studies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 (1997) 2586-2592. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The formation of biofilms of iron-oxidising bacteria on pyrite, Minerals Engineering, 9 (1996) 1081-1089. | |||
| Harvey, P.I., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The effect of As(III) on the growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in an electrolytic cell under controlled redox potentials, Minerals Engineering, 9 (1996) 1059-1068. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Mathematical modelling of batch and continuous bacterial leaching, The Chemical Engineering Journal and Biochemical Engineering Journal, 54 (1994) 207-220. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The indirect mechanism of material leaching. Min.Pro.Ext.Met.Rev., Vol. 19. pp. (1998) 117-128. | |||
| Crundwell, F.K. How do bacteria interact with minerals, Hydrometallurgy, 71 (2003) 75-81 | |||
| Corrosion | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The anodic dissolution of copper in hydrochloric acid solutions, Electrochimica Acta, 37 (1992) 2707-2714. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., A model for the ac-impedance of an electrode coated by a precipitated salt film, Electrochimica Acta, 36 (1991) 1183-1189. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The anodic dissolution of 90 Cu – 10 Ni alloy in hydrochloric acid solutions, Electrochimica Acta, 36 (1991) 2135-2141. | |||
| Dissolution | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The influence of the electronic structure of solids on the anodic dissolution and leaching of semiconducting sulphide minerals, Hydrometallurgy, 21 (1988) 155-190. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dissolution of a zinc sulphide concentrate in ferric sulphate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 19 (1987) 227-242. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. , VERBAAN, B. Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Non-oxidative Dissolution of Sphalerite (Zinc Sulphide), Hydrometallurgy, 17 (1987) 369-384 | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The anodic dissolution of 90 Cu – 10 Ni alloy in hydrochloric acid solutions, Electrochimica Acta, 36 (1991) 2135-2141. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The anodic dissolution of copper in hydrochloric acid solutions, Electrochimica Acta, 37 (1992) 2707-2714. | |||
| Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Kinetic aspects of galvanic interactions between minerals during dissolution , Hydrometallurgy, 39 (1995) 353-375. | |||
| BRYSON, L.J., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The anodic dissolution of pyrite in hydrochloric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 43 (2014) 42-53 | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Refractory behaviour of two sphalerite concentrates to dissolution in ferric sulphate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 19 (1987) 253-258. | |||
| Fowler, T.A., Holmes, P.R., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. On the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Dissolution of Pyrite in the Presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 59 (2001)257-270. | |||
| Fowler, T.A., Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Mechanism of pyrite dissolution in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999) 2987-2993. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Effect of iron impurity in zinc sulphide concentrates on the rate of dissolution, AIChE Journal, 34 (1988) 1128-1134. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The dissolution and leaching of minerals. Mechanisms, myths and misunderstandings. Hydrometallurgy, 139 (2013) 132-148 | |||
| F.K. Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of forsterite olivine and minerals of the orthosilicate group. Hydrometallurgy, 150 (2014) 68-82 | |||
| Crundwell, F. K. (2017). On the mechanism of the dissolution of quartz and silica in aqueous solutions. ACS Omega, 2(3), 1116-1127. | |||
| L.J. Bryson, F.K. Crundwell. Anodic dissolution of pyrite (FeS2) in hydrochloric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 143 (2014) 42-53 | |||
| F.K.Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of minerals in acidic and alkaline solutions. Part I, II and III listed below: | |||
| F.K.Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of minerals in acidic and alkaline solutions: Part I – A new theory of non-oxidation dissolution. Hydrometallurgy, 149 (2014) 252-264 | |||
| F.K.Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of minerals in acidic and alkaline solutions: Part II – Application of a new theory to silicates, aluminosilicates and quartz. Hydrometallurgy, 149 (2014) 265-275 | |||
| F.K.Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of minerals in acidic and alkaline solutions: Part III – Application to oxide, hydroxide and sulphide minerals. Hydrometallurgy, 149 (2014) 71-81 | |||
| Electrolysis processes | |||
| Charalambous, H., Bryson, A.W., CRUNDWELL, F.K. A fundamental adsorption and electrochemical model for predicting the properties of EMD. Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 159-167. | |||
| Ichharam, V., Levendis, D.C., Bryson, A.W., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The effect of K+ on the physical and structural properties of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 98-104. | |||
| Mauthoor, M., Bryson, A.W., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Properties of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide produced at elevated temperatures and pressures. Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 105-109. | |||
| Gold processing | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Godorr, S.A. Mathematical modelling of the leaching of gold from ores, Hydrometallurgy, 44 (1997) 147-162. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. and Jensen, J.O. An amperometric instrument for the determination of cyanide on gold plants, Journal of S.A. Inst. Min. Metall., 94 (1994) 103-108. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., An amperometric method for the determination of cyanide in gold process streams and slurries, Hydrometallurgy, 27 (1991) 19-28. | |||
| Leaching | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The Leaching Number:its definition and use in determining the performance of leaching reactors and autoclaves. Mineral Engineering in press 2005. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Effect of iron impurity in zinc sulphide concentrates on the rate of dissolution, AIChE Journal, 34 (1988) 1128-1134. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The dissolution and leaching of minerals. Mechanisms, myths and misunderstandings. Hydrometallurgy, 139 (2013) 132-148 | |||
| L.J. Bryson, F.K. Crundwell. The anodic dissolution of pyrite in hydrochloric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 43 (2014) 42-53 | |||
| F.K. Crundwell. The mechanism of dissolution of forsterite olivine and minerals of the orthosilicate group. Hydrometallurgy, 150 (2014) 68-82 | |||
| Pressure leaching autoclaves | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Progress in the mathematical modelling of leaching reactors. Hydrometallurgy, 39 (1995) 321-335. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Micro-mixing in continuous particulate reactors, Chemical Engineering Science, 49 (1994) 3887-3896. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. and Bryson, A.W., The modelling of particulate leaching reactors – the population balance approach, Hydrometallurgy, 29 (1992) 275-295. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., The influence of the electronic structure of solids on the anodic dissolution and leaching of semiconducting sulphide minerals, Hydrometallurgy, 21 (1988) 155-190. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. and Verbaan, B., Kinetics and mechanism of the non-oxidative dissolution of sphalerite, Hydrometallurgy, 17 (1987) 369-384. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidative dissolution of a zinc sulphide concentrate in ferric sulphate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 19 (1987) 227-242. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Refractory behaviour of two sphalerite concentrates to dissolution in ferric sulphate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 19 (1987) 253-258. | |||
| Verbaan, B. and CRUNDWELL, F.K., An electrochemical model for the leaching of a sphalerite concentrate, Hydrometallurgy, 16 (1986) 345-359. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. du Preez, N.Lloyd, J.M. Dynamics of particle-size distributions in continuous leaching reactors and autoclaves, Hydrometallurgy, 133 (2013) 44-50. | |||
| Process Modelling | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The Leaching Number:its definition and use in determining the performance of leaching reactors and autoclaves. Mineral Engineering in press 2005. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Bacterial Leaching Reactors. Bioengineering and Biotechnology 71 (2001) 255-265 | |||
| Crundwell, F.K., Process performance of bacterial leaching reactors: the contribution of mathematical modelling. J. South African IMM, 100 (7), Nov./Dec. 2000 | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Progress in the mathematical modelling of leaching reactors. Hydrometallurgy, 39 (1995) 321-335. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Mathematical modelling of batch and continuous bacterial leaching, The Chemical Engineering Journal and Biochemical Engineering Journal, 54 (1994) 207-220. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Micro-mixing in continuous particulate reactors, Chemical Engineering Science, 49 (1994) 3887-3896. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. and Bryson, A.W., The modelling of particulate leaching reactors – the population balance approach, Hydrometallurgy, 29 (1992) 275-295. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Godorr, S.A. Mathematical modelling of the leaching of gold from ores, Hydrometallurgy, 44 (1997) 147-162. | |||
| Chapters in Books | |||
| Crundwell, F.K. The physical chemistry of bacterial leaching. In: Rawlings, D.E. (ed.) Biomining. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, Germeny 1997. Chapter 9, Pages 177-200. | |||
| Conference Papers and Presentations | |||
| Conference Papers | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. and Bryson, A.W. The modelling of particulate leaching reactors – the population balance approach, Presented at the Ernest Peters Syposium on Hydrometallurgy – Theory and Practice, Vancouver, B.C., June 1992. (see 10 above) | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The modelling of leaching reactors, Presented at the Liquid Air Symposium on Gold Leaching, Sabi Sabi, June 1992. | |||
| Stange, W.W. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. The simulation and control of gold leaching circuits, Presented at the Liquid Air Symposium on Gold Leaching, Sabi Sabi, June 1992. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The development of a cyanide meter, Presented at Mining Mechanization and Technology, Midrand, 9-11 March 1994. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The prediction of the bioleaching of refractory gold ores in a continuous plant from the batch data, Minerals Bioprocessing II, Snowbird, Utah, 10-15 July, 1994, TMS, pp 17-39. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The modelling of leaching reactions and leaching reactors. Presented at the S.A. Inst. Min. Metall. Hydrometallurgy School, Randburg, 27-29 July 1994. | |||
| Bryson, L.J. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Electrochemical aspects of pyrite dissolution in chloride media using chlorine gas. Presented at 7th National meeting of the S.A. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Esselen Park, 22-24 August 1994. | |||
| Holmes, P.R. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Galvanic interactions between minerals during dissolution. Presented at 7th National meeting of the S.A. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Esselen Park, 22-24 August 1994. | |||
| Knottenbelt, P.R. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Modelling of carbon-in-pulp processes using population balance techniques. Presented at 7th National meeting of the S.A. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Esselen Park, 22-24 August 1994. | |||
| Gnoinski, J., CRUNDWELL, F.K., and Orchard, S.W. Oxide film formation studies on aluminium using the quartz crystal microbalance. Presented at the 7th International Syposium on Passivity – Passivation of Metals and Semiconductors, Technical University of Claustal, Germany, 21-26 August 1994. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The formation of biofilms of iron-oxidizing bacteria on pyrite. Presented at 14th Annual Mineral Processing Symposium, Somerset West, South Africa, 3-4 August, 1995. | |||
| Fowler, T.A., Claasen, R., Hansford, G.S. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Ferric leaching of zinc from sphalerite at controlled redox potentials. Presented at 14th Annual Mineral Processing Symposium, Somerset West, South Africa, 3-4 August, 1995. | |||
| Harvey, P.I. and CRUNDWELL, F.K. The growth of iron-oxidizing bacteria in an electrolytic cell under controlled redox potentials. Presented at 14th Annual Mineral Processing Symposium, Somerset West, South Africa, 3-4 August, 1995. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Progress in the mathematical modelling of leaching reactors. Presented at the International Symposium on Leaching, Winnipeg, Canada, October, 1995. (See 16 above). | |||
| Holmes, P.R., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Galvanic interactions during leaching. Presented at the International Symposium on Leaching, Winnipeg, Canada, October, 1995. (See 15 above). | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Mathematical modelling and optimization of bacterial leaching plants. Biohydrometallurgical Processing, Volume 1, Proceedings of the International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium IBS-95, Vina del Mar, Chile, 19-22 November 1995, pp 437-446. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The formation of biofilms on pyrite. Presented at Biotech 96, Falmouth, Cornwall, April 1996. (See 17 above). | |||
| Harvey, P. I., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The effect of As(III) on the growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Presented at Biotech 96, Falmouth, Cornwall, April 1996. (See 18 above). | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Holmes, P.R., Harvey, P.I. Electrochemistry in Bacterial Leaching. In: Woods, R. Doyle, F.M., and Richardson, P.E. Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of Electrochemistry in Minerals and Metals Processing, The Electrochemistry Society, NJ, 1996. pp 239-250. | |||
| Mughogho, D., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Gold dissolution in dilute cyanide solutions. In: Woods, R. Doyle, F.M., and Richardson, P.E. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Electrochemistry in Mineral and Metal Processing, The Electrochemistry Society, NJ, 1996. pp 275-283. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The role of iron in bacterial leaching. Presented at Minerals Bioprocessing III, Big Sky, Montana, August 1996. | |||
| Charalambous, H., Bryson, A.W., CRUNDWELL, F.K. A fundamental adsorption and electrochemical model for predicting the properties of EMD. Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 159-167. Presented at Batteries and Battery Materials, Tucson, Arizona, October 1996. | |||
| Ichharam, V., Levendis, D.C., Bryson, A.W., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The effect of K+ on the physical and structural properties of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 98-104. Presented at Batteries and Battery Materials, Tucson, Arizona, October 1996. | |||
| Mauthoor, M., Bryson, A.W., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Properties of Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide produced at elevated temperatures and pressures. Progress in Batteries and Battery Materials 16 (1997) 105-109. Presented at Batteries and Battery Materials, Tucson, Arizona, October 1996. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The kinetics of the growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous ions. Presented at Biotech SA 97, Grahamstown, January 1997. | |||
| Asamoah-Bekoe, Y., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. The leaching of a platinum metal concentrate using chlorine gas. Presented at Complex Ores 97, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, March 1997. | |||
| Charalambous, H., Bryson, A.W., CRUNDWELL, F.K. A model for predicting the properties of electrolytic manganese dioxide. Extractive Metallurgy Africa ’97, SAIMM, Randburg, 1997. | |||
| Driessens, Y.P.M., Fowler, T.A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. A comparison of the bacterial and chemical leaching of sphalerite at the same solution conditions. Biohydrometallurgy and the Environment Towards the mining of the 21st Century. Part, Proceedings of the International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium IBS-99, Madrid, Spain, 20-23 June 1999, pp 201-208. | |||
| Howard, D., CRUNDWELL, F.K. A kinetic study of the leaching of chalcopyrite with Sulfolobus metallicus. Biohydrometallurgy and the Environment Towards the mining of the 21st Century. Part, Proceedings of the International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium IBS-99, Madrid, Spain, 20-23 June 1999, pp 209-217. | |||
| Fowler, T.A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. The role of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the bacterial leaching of zinc sulphide. Biohydrometallurgy and the Environment Towards the mining of the 21st Century. Part, Proceedings of the International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium IBS-99, Madrid, Spain, 20-23 June 1999, pp 273-282. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Modelling, simulation and optimisation of leaching reactors. Presented at Leaching Science and Technology: Current Status and Future Directions, Parker Centre Hydrometallurgy Conference, 10-12th October, 1999, Perth, Western Australia. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K., Holmes, P.R., and Fowler, T.A. How do bacteria interact with minerals? Presented at Colloquim on Bacterial Oxidation for the Recovery of Metals, SAIMM, 4 July 2000. | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. How do bacteria interact with minerals? Invited presented International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium, IBS 2001, Ouro Preto, Brazil | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The performance of pressure, atmospheric, and bacterial leaching reactors. International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium, IBS 2005, Cape Town South Africa | |||
| GERICKE, M., MULLER, H., NEALE, J., NORTON, A., CRUNDWELL, F.K. Inoculation of heap leaching operations. International Biohydrometallurgical Symposium, IBS 2005, Cape Town South Africa | |||
| KNIGHTS, B.D.H, and Saloojee, F. Development and Economic Assessment of a Lithium Battery Recycling Process in South Africa. Presented at Hydrometallurgy Conference 2016: Sustainable Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Metals Cape Town, 1–3 August 2016 Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy | |||
| Reports | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. The effect of flocculant additions to the leaching solution on the kinetics of the oxidative dissolution of sphalerite. Report M298, Feb. 1987, Mintek, Randburg. | |||
| Popular Reports | |||
| Jobson, M.R., and CRUNDWELL, F.K. Research in Chemical Engineering at Wits, Fulcrum, 1995. | |||
| Patents | |||
| CRUNDWELL, F.K. Determining cyanide concentrations. South African Patent No. 91/6508. Australian Patent No 656899. | |||
